ICSD

The three ICSD are -

       Clearstream
        Euro clear
        Six sis

Inventor of Graph / Chart

Chart of the Day in 1786

William Playfair, a Scottish engineer, was the founder of graphical statistics. Besides that signature accomplishment, he was at various times in his life a banker, an accountant, a journalist, an economist, and one of the men to storm the Bastille. 

It's difficult to overstate his importance. He was the inventor of the line graph, bar chart, and the pie chart.  He also pioneered the use of timelines. You're probably familiar with his work. 

Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/important-mathematicians-modern-world-2012-7?op=1#ixzz2N8O6XlXt

Day light saving time

Why do we have it?

The idea is to save electricity because there are more hours of natural light. Studies have shown the savings to be fairly nominal—the time change leading people to switch on the lights earlier in the morning instead or cranking up the air conditioning, for example.

What is the history of daylight saving time?

Fun fact: The idea was first floated in 1784 by one Benjamin Franklin. While minister of France, hewrote the essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light."

Daylight saving time, a source of confusion and mystery for many, will strike again this weekend. The idea of resetting clocks forward an hour in the spring and back an hour in the fall was first suggested by Benjamin Franklin in his essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light," which was published in the Journal de Paris in April 1784.

Franklin's suggestion was largely overlooked until it was brought up again in 1907 by Englishman William Willett, who penned a pamphlet called "The Waste of Daylight." Although the British House of Commons rejected Willett's proposal to advance the clock one hour in the spring and back again in autumn in 1908, British Summer Time was introduced by the Parliament in 1916.

Many other countries change their clocks when adjusting to summer time, but the United States only began doing so towards the end of World War I in an attempt to conserve energy. The House of Representatives voted 252 to 40 to pass a law "to save daylight," with the official first daylight saving time taking place on March 15, 1918. This was initially met with much resistance, according Michael Downing, author of the book "Spring Forward: The Annual Madness of Daylight Saving Time."

Why 2 a.m.?

The time change is set for 2 a.m. because it was decided to be the least disruptive time of day. Moving time forward or back an hour at that time doesn’t change the date, which avoids confusion, and most people are asleep, or if people do work on a Sunday, it’s usually later than 2 a.m.

Brain's reaction to stress

 When we feel threatened or when something traumatic is happens to us or the people we love, the Limbic and Reptilian areas of the brain activate our automatic survival strategies of fight, flight, freeze, appease and dissociate (FFFAD).

 fight (keep arguing or fighting), flight (revert to, and hide behind) ,freeze (disengage from the argument or fight by shutting up) or appease (make nice with your adversary by simply agreeing with him) or dissociate.

Google how search works

Google Releases Interactive Infographic: “How Search Works”

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Every wondered how Google Search works, finds pages from across the web and decides how to list them in response to a search? If so, Google’s got a new resource designed to answer questions. Called “How Search Works,” the new area announced today is an interactive infographic that explains more about the search process, including how Google deal with spam issues.

The new area was inspired by Google’s The Story Of Send, an interactive infographic that Google released last year to explain how it handles email.

“We were looking at this site [The Story Of Send], Matt Cutts [Google's chief web spam fighter] and I and others on the [search] team and thinking, ‘Why isn’t there anything like this about search in a similar format?’,” said Jake Hubert, a product manager who works with Google Search.

Hubert was quick to note that Google has had plenty of resources on this topic on its site for years, but they weren’t really in a consumer-oriented format. “How Search Works” is expressly designed for search, though a big chunk at the end is still aimed at helping publishers understand what to do if Google isn’t happy with their site.

Crawling & Indexing

The area has three parts, beginning with how Google finds web pages (by “crawling”) and stores them to make them searchable (in what can be considered a big virtual book, called the “index”):

As you explore the area, there are links and hidden “Easter Eggs” you’ll discover that reveal more information, as you hover you mouse over certain areas and click.

Ranking Pages With The Algorithm

The second part deals with how Google returns matches in response to a search, how it decides which pages from the index should be ranked tops. This is all determined by Google’s “algorithms,” which look at over 200 different types of ranking signals to decide what to show:

As with the first part, you can explore different areas of how the algorithm works to learn more:

Spam Fighting

The last part of the infographic deals with how Google fights spam:

One unique feature here is the ability to see “live spam” being removed from Google’s search results. It’s not exactly real-time, but you are shown results that have been removed often within an hour after they were dropped. Our related story has more: WATCH: Google Now Shows Live Examples Of Spam Removed From Its Search Results.

The area also includes a chart Google’s not released before, on “manual actions” over time — where Google’s human web spam fighting team has take some type of action against a site:

Also shown are “reconsideration requests” filed, when publishers ask for manual actions to be reconsidered:

 See our separate story that looks at this in more depth, Google Charts “Manual Actions” Against Spam In Search For First Time.

Search Policies

Aside from the infographic, Google’s also assembled a new guide to all its many policies that deal with search:

By the way, at our SMX West search conference next month, the “Walk A Mile In Google’s Shoes: Dealing With Tough Calls In Organic Search” session features Google search policy specialist Patrick Thomas explaining how Google makes its search policies and taking questions about them.

Overall, it’s a nice addition from Google. There are plenty of people — as well as publishers — who simply don’t know where to start, when it comes in understanding how Google search works. It’s always good to have good official sources out there. That doesn’t take away from the value of unofficial sources (like Search Engine Land), either. But it helps ensure people do have a common vocabulary and grounding in discussing search issues.