One of the most notable studies on power was conducted by social psychologists John French and Bertram Raven in 1959. They identified five bases of power:
- Legitimate – This comes from the belief that a person has the right to make demands, and expect compliance and obedience from others.
- Reward – This results from one person's ability to compensate another for compliance.
- Expert – This is based on a person's superior skill and knowledge.
- Referent – This is the result of a person's perceived attractiveness, worthiness, and right to respect from others.
- Coercive – This comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
The most effective leaders use mainly referent and expert power.
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